In chronic kidney disease (CKD), increased plasma phosphate concentrations cause vascular calcification which substantially contribute to cardiovascular events and increased mortality of CKD patients. Similar to CKD patients, klotho-hypomorphic mice (kl/kl) also suffer from excessive vascular calcification...

Prior to the advent of recombinant erythropoietin in the late-1980s, blood transfusions were the mainstay of anaemia management in patients with end-stage renal failure, many of whom required “top-up” transfusions every 2 to 4 weeks to relieve the debilitating symptoms of severe anaemia. Erythropoietin the...

Medullary sponge kidney (MSK) is a kidney malformation that generally manifests with nephrocalcinosis and recurrent renal stones; other signs may be renal acidification and concentration defects, and pre-calyceal duct ectasias. MSK is generally considered a sporadic disorder, but an apparently autosomal...